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2002 · Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering

Physics and Applications of Microfluidics in Biology

David J. Beebe, Glennys Mensing, Glenn M. Walker

Fluid flow at the microscale exhibits unique phenomena that can be leveraged to fabricate devices and components capable of performing functions useful for biological studies. The physics of importance to microfluidics are reviewed. Common methods of fabricating microfluidic devices and systems are described. Components, including valves, mixers, and pumps, capable of controlling fluid flow by utilizing the physics of the microscale are presented. Techniques for sensing flow characteristics are described and examples of devices and systems that perform bioanalysis are presented. The focus of this review is microscale phenomena and the use of the physics of the scale to create devices and systems that provide functionality useful to the life sciences.

1,787 citations3 views
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.bioeng.4.112601.125916
2001 · Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering

Soft Lithography in Biology and Biochemistry

George M. Whitesides, Emanuele Ostuni, Shuichi Takayama, Xingyu Jiang, Donald E. Ingber

Soft lithography, a set of techniques for microfabrication, is based on printing and molding using elastomeric stamps with the patterns of interest in basrelief. As a technique for fabricating microstructures for biological applications, soft lithography overcomes many of the shortcomings of photolithography. In particular, soft lithography offers the ability to control the molecular structure of surfaces and to pattern the complex molecules relevant to biology, to fabricate channel structures appropriate for microfluidics, and to pattern and manipulate cells. For the relatively large feature sizes used in biology (> or = 50 microns), production of prototype patterns and structures is convenient, inexpensive, and rapid. Self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiolates on gold are particularly easy to pattern by soft lithography, and they provide exquisite control over surface biochemistry.

2,608 citations2 views
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.bioeng.3.1.335