TY  - JOUR
TI  - Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2016
AU  - Christina Fitzmaurice
AU  - Tomi Akinyemiju
AU  - Faris Lami
AU  - Shazia Alam
AU  - Reza Alizadeh‐Navaei
AU  - Christine A. Allen
AU  - Ubai Alsharif
AU  - Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán
AU  - Erfan Amini
AU  - Benjamin O. Anderson
AU  - Olatunde Aremu
AU  - Al Artaman
AU  - Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom
AU  - Reza Assadi
AU  - Tesfay Mehari Atey
AU  - Leticia Ávila‐Burgos
AU  - Ashish Awasthi
AU  - Huda Omer Ba Saleem
AU  - Aleksandra Barać
AU  - James R. Bennett
AU  - Isabela M. Benseñor
AU  - Nickhill Bhakta
AU  - Hermann Brenner
AU  - Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado
AU  - Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela
AU  - Ferrán Catalá-López
AU  - Jee-Young J Choi
AU  - Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher
AU  - Sheng‐Chia Chung
AU  - María Paula Curado
AU  - Lalit Dandona
AU  - Rakhi Dandona
AU  - José das Neves
AU  - Subhojit Dey
AU  - Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne
AU  - David Teye Doku
AU  - Tim Driscoll
AU  - Manisha Dubey
AU  - Hedyeh Ebrahimi
AU  - Dumessa Edessa
AU  - Ziad El‐Khatib
AU  - Aman Yesuf Endries
AU  - Florian Fischer
AU  - Lisa M Force
AU  - Kyle J Foreman
AU  - Solomon Weldemariam Gebrehiwot
AU  - Sameer Vali Gopalani
AU  - Giuseppe Grosso
AU  - Rahul Gupta
AU  - Bishal Gyawali
AU  - Randah R Hamadeh
AU  - Samer Hamidi
AU  - James Harvey
AU  - Hamid Yimam Hassen
AU  - Roderick J. Hay
AU  - Simon I Hay
AU  - Behzad Heibati
AU  - Molla Kahssay Hiluf
AU  - Nobuyuki Horita
AU  - Hung Chak Ho
AU  - Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi
AU  - Kaire Innos
AU  - Farhad Islami
AU  - Mihajlo Jakovljević
AU  - Sarah Charlotte Johnson
AU  - Jost B Jonas
AU  - Amir Kasaeian
AU  - Tesfaye Kassa
AU  - Yousef Khader
AU  - Ejaz Ahmad Khan
AU  - Gulfaraz Khan
AU  - Young‐Ho Khang
AU  - Mohammad Hossein Khosravi
AU  - Jagdish Khubchandani
AU  - Jacek A Kopec
AU  - G Anil Kumar
AU  - Michael Kutz
AU  - Deepesh Lad
AU  - Alessandra Lafranconi
AU  - Qing Lan
AU  - Yirga Legesse
AU  - James Leigh
AU  - Shai Linn
AU  - Raimundas Lunevičius
AU  - Azeem Majeed
AU  - Reza Malekzadeh
AU  - Déborah Carvalho Malta
AU  - LG Mantovani
AU  - Brian J. McMahon
AU  - Toni Meier
AU  - Yohannes Adama Melaku
AU  - Mulugeta Melku
AU  - Peter Memiah
AU  - Walter Mendoza
AU  - Tuomo J Meretoja
AU  - Haftay Berhane Mezgebe
AU  - Ted R. Miller
AU  - Shafiu Mohammed
AU  - Ali H. Mokdad
AU  - Mahmood Moosazadeh
PY  - 2018
JO  - JAMA Oncology
DO  - 10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.2706
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.2706
AB  - Importance: The increasing burden due to cancer and other noncommunicable diseases poses a threat to human development, which has resulted in global political commitments reflected in the Sustainable Development Goals as well as the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Action Plan on Non-Communicable Diseases. To determine if these commitments have resulted in improved cancer control, quantitative assessments of the cancer burden are required. Objective: To assess the burden for 29 cancer groups over time to provide a framework for policy discussion, resource allocation, and research focus. Evidence Review: Cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were evaluated for 195 countries and territories by age and sex using the Global Burden of Disease study estimation methods. Levels and trends were analyzed over time, as well as by the Sociodemographic Index (SDI). Changes in incident cases were categorized by changes due to epidemiological vs demographic transition. Findings: In 2016, there were 17.2 million cancer cases worldwide and 8.9 million deaths. Cancer cases increased by 28% between 2006 and 2016. The smallest increase was seen in high SDI countries. Globally, population aging contributed 17%; population growth, 12%; and changes in age-specific rates, -1% to this change. The most common incident cancer globally for men was prostate cancer (1.4 million cases). The leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs was tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer (1.2 million deaths and 25.4 million DALYs). For women, the most common incident cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs was breast cancer (1.7 million incident cases, 535 000 deaths, and 14.9 million DALYs). In 2016, cancer caused 213.2 million DALYs globally for both sexes combined. Between 2006 and 2016, the average annual age-standardized incidence rates for all cancers combined increased in 130 of 195 countries or territories, and the average annual age-standardized death rates decreased within that timeframe in 143 of 195 countries or territories. Conclusions and Relevance: Large disparities exist between countries in cancer incidence, deaths, and associated disability. Scaling up cancer prevention and ensuring universal access to cancer care are required for health equity and to fulfill the global commitments for noncommunicable disease and cancer control.
ER  -