Columbia University

Multiplex Genome Engineering Using CRISPR/Cas Systems

Functional elucidation of causal genetic variants and elements requires precise genome editing technologies. The type II prokaryotic CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas adaptive immune system has been shown to facilitate RNA-guided site-specific DNA cleavage. We engineered two different type II CRISPR/Cas systems and demonstrate that Cas9 nucleases can be directed by short RNAs to induce precise cleavage at endogenous genomic loci in human and mouse cells. Cas9 can also be converted into a nicking enzyme to facilitate homology-directed repair with minimal mutagenic activity. Lastly, multiple guide sequences can be encoded into a single CRISPR array to enable simultaneous editing of several sites within the mammalian genome, demonstrating easy programmability and wide applicability of the RNA-guided nuclease technology.

Experience and Education

"Experience and Education offers educators and teachers a positive philosophy of education. It evaluates the practices of both the traditional and the progressive schools and lucidly sets forth the defects of each of them. The volume, however, is in no sense controversial. Dr. Dewey, while considering current educational issues, interprets the meaning of a philosophicy of experience and the educational implications of the scientific method. A learning situation is described and concretely illustrated. The meanings of freedom, activities, discipline, control, and organized subject matter are here expounded within the context of educative experience as a process implying both continuity and interaction. Experience and Education defends no "ism". It offers no compromise. It steers clear of eclectic patching. Education itself is interpreted. Professional educators and laymen alike will here find definite answers to moot questions, but these answers are integral parts of an educational philosophy which makes possible united efforts in educational leadership. Here is a new light which will dissolve the fog now enveloping educational theory." (4th cover of the 60th anniversary edition) (http://books.google.com/books?id=UE2EusaU53IC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false)

A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010

Democracy and Education.